Histoire – fdc – en

1960 – THE UNITED NATIONS’ USE OF FORCE IN PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS: THE QUESTION OF CIVILIAN AND MILITARY INSUBORDINATION IN ONUC’S OPERATIONS IN KATANGA.

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Stean Tshiband, Lancaster University, Department of Politics and International Relations

Abstract

The second generation of peacekeeping operations resulted from the United Nations Organization’s Operation in the Congo (ONUC) in early 60s. The importance of ONUC (or UNOC[1]) in the development of multi-dimensional peacekeeping and more particularly the concept of the use of force is undeniable. The tribute in the evolution of the concept of the use of force finds its root in Katanga, where the United Nations are believed to have waged their first war in the history of peacekeeping operations. The present paper dissects United Nations operations in the Katanga in the 60s in the context of military and civilian insubordination. It explores different aspects in the coordination of military operations that led to accidental death of UNSG Dag Hammarskjold. Legal and operational facets of the katangan operations will be the focus of this discussion.

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The U.S. Role in the Wars in Congo and Somalia

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Imperialist's drive for economic domination fuels continental instability

by Abayomi Azikiwe, Editor
Pan-African News Wire
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Note: The following article is taken from a talk delivered at a Workers World public meeting on African affairs in Detroit on December 13, 2008.

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1975 OTRAG

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OTRAG (German: Orbital Transport und Raketen AG, or Orbital Transport and Rockets, Inc.), was a German company which planned in the late 1970s and early 1980s to develop an alternative propulsion system for rockets. OTRAG was the first commercial developer and producer of space launch vehicles. The OTRAG Rocket represents an inexpensive alternative to existing launch systems through mass-production of innovative Common Rocket Propulsion Units (CRPU).

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